What is neurodiversity?
The concept of neurodiversity emerged from autistic self-advocacy communities in the 1990s. Australian sociologist Judy Singer is widely associated with bringing the term into academic discussion.
Dr Louise Smyth, PhD, MNCS (Accred), MA, B.Soc.Sc, FdSs Counselling, explains more about neurodiversity, including her own journey in embracing life as an autistic adult.
The concept encourages us to recognise people's individual strengths, challenges and support needs, rather than focusing only on what they may find difficult.
For some neurodivergent people, changes to their environment can make everyday situations more accessible. This might include reducing background noise, adjusting lighting or having access to a quiet space. The neurodiversity movement also emphasises dignity, autonomy and the importance of listening to people's individual preferences and support needs.
Neurodiverse, neurodivergent, neurodiversity, neurotypical; as we develop our understanding of all things ‘neuro’, the terminology evolves. So, what’s what and how do we talk about it all?
– Counsellor Kathy Wolstenholme, Reg MBACP, Dip Couns, Dip CBT, The evolving language of neurodiversity.
How common is neurodivergence?
Around one in seven people in the UK are thought to be neurodivergent. This means the way their brains learn, function, and process information is different from what is considered neurotypical.
What are some types of neurodivergence?
There are many different types of neurodivergence, which can include:
Autism
More than one in 100 people in the UK are autistic. Autism is a developmental disability that affects how someone perceives the world. Autistic people may experience and interact with the world in different ways. They may communicate and process information differently, experience sensory differences, prefer routine or repetition, or have highly focused interests. Every autistic person is different and will have their own experiences, strengths, challenges and support needs.
ADHD
Nearly 2.5 million people in England are thought to have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a neurodevelopmental condition that can affect attention, activity levels and impulse control. People may experience inattentiveness and/or hyperactivity and impulsiveness.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia affects 10% of the population in the UK. Considered to be a learning difficulty, those with dyslexia primarily experience challenges with reading, spelling, and writing. They may also have trouble with spoken language, sequencing, motor skills, organisation, or memory.
Dyspraxia
Dyspraxia, also known as developmental coordination disorder (DCD), is thought to affect somewhere between 3-5% of adults in the UK. Affecting movement and coordination, someone with dyspraxia may have difficulty maintaining balance, playing sports, or learning to drive a car.
Dyscalculia
Affecting a person's ability to understand and carry out basic maths processes, around 6% of people in the UK have dyscalculia.
Tourette syndrome
Tourette syndrome is a neurological condition that involves repetitive, involuntary movements and vocalisations (referred to as ‘tics’). More than 300,000 children and adults in the UK are estimated to live with Tourette syndrome. Tics can vary in complexity and presentation. They can range from vocal tics such as screaming, coughing, or swearing, to physical tics such as jerking, blinking, or shaking.
Neurodivergence and mental health
Being neurodivergent does not mean someone has a mental health condition. However, some neurodivergent people may be more likely to experience mental health difficulties.
Studies have found that those with a diagnosis of autism, dyspraxia, or ADHD may be more likely to experience depression and anxiety. Autistic individuals have also been shown to have higher rates of eating disorders, as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
Neurodivergence and wellbeing
Those in the neurodivergent community may feel pressured to conform to neurotypical standards or expectations, which can take its toll on their mental health. Social masking (also known as social camouflaging) may be used by autistic people to try to appear neurotypical in social situations. This can include forcing or faking eye contact during conversations and imitating smiles or other facial expressions. This can be mentally draining and, over time, may negatively impact their overall sense of wellbeing.
Neurodiversity in the workplace
Some neurodivergent people may be considered disabled under the Equality Act 2010 and may be entitled to reasonable adjustments at work. While experiences vary from person to person, some neurodivergent people may experience challenges at work, including:
- experiencing excessive stress
- trouble concentrating
- difficulty with time management
- struggling to deviate from or maintain a schedule
- physical illness
- feelings of anxiety or overwhelm when interacting with colleagues or customers.
Some people may find strategies, adjustments or support that help them manage challenges at work, while others may continue to experience difficulties. Encouraging wellbeing, openness, and inclusivity can all help to foster a more positive work environment for everyone.
What are the benefits of neurodiversity in the workplace?
Neurodivergent colleagues may bring different perspectives, experiences and strengths to a team. Creating an inclusive and supportive workplace can help employees feel able to contribute and thrive.
How can I be assessed for a neurodivergent condition?
Seeking a diagnosis as an adult can be a challenge. Speaking with your GP can often be a positive first step towards finding out what is available to you in your area. It’s important to be prepared, as you may be asked why a diagnosis is important to you, and what benefits a diagnosis would have. For children, referral routes vary by area and by the type of assessment. In some cases, their school or another professional may need to make the referral.
While not everyone feels that having a label is helpful, others benefit from an official diagnosis. For some, it can help them to better understand why some things are difficult, helping them find new ways to deal with them. For others, it can be a step towards gaining the right support and access to services and benefits.
What is neurodiversity-affirming counselling?
Working with a counsellor who has experience or additional training in supporting neurodivergent people can be beneficial. Many counsellors have experience working with those with neurodivergent traits. Together, you can ensure that your therapy sessions are tailored to best meet your needs if any accommodations are required (such as dimming lights, using fidget objects, or reducing background noise where possible).
A therapist can support you with challenges such as anxiety, depression or stress, as well as difficulties that may be affecting your wellbeing. They can help you explore your experiences, understand your needs and find approaches that work for you. Counselling can offer a supportive space to talk openly, without fear of judgement.
Neurodiversity-affirming psychotherapy is an approach that supports the mental health and wellbeing of neurodivergent people. It focuses on understanding your individual strengths, challenges and needs, rather than trying to change the way you think or process the world. A therapist may also support you to develop self-advocacy skills, explore alternatives to masking and find ways to feel more comfortable being yourself.
Find a counsellor
If you'd like support, you can search for a counsellor who works with neurodivergent clients and learn more about their experience and approach.
